Role of Protein Kinase Network in Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Smooth Muscle Cell

The aim of this chapter is to present a review of the main protein kinases involved in the signalling pathways between the stimulation of smooth muscle cell and the resulting dynamic contraction. As in striated muscle cells, contraction in smooth muscle cells (SMC) is primarily triggere

Light Emission in Silicon from Carbon Nanotubes

The use of optics in microelectronic circuits to overcome the limitation of metallic interconnects is more and more considered as a viable solution. Among future silicon compatible materials, carbon nanotubes are promising candidates thanks to their ability to emit, modulate and detect light in the wavelength range of silicon transparency. We report the first integration of carbon nanotubes with silicon waveguides, successfully coupling their emission and absorption properties. A complete study of this coupling between carbon nanotubes and silicon waveguides was carried out, which led to the demonstration of the temperature-independent emission from carbon nanotubes in silicon at a wavelength of 1.3 {\mu}m. This represents the first milestone in the development of photonics based on carbon nanotubes on silicon

Optical Gain in Carbon Nanotubes

Semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) have proved to be promising material for nanophotonics and optoelectronics. Due to the possibility of tuning their direct band gap and controlling excitonic recombinations in the near-infrared wavelength range, s-SWNT can be used as efficient light emitters. We report the first experimental demonstration of room temperature intrinsic optical gain as high as 190 cm-1 at a wavelength of 1.3 {\mu}m in a thin film doped with s-SWNT. These results constitute a significant milestone toward the development of laser sources based on carbon nanotubes for future high performance integrated circuits.Comment: 4 figure

Amélioration des propriétés des huiles pyrolytiques : par hydrotraitement de la biomasse

La nécessité de trouver une alternative aux ressources fossiles dans les domaines énergétique et chimique oriente une partie de la recherche vers la valorisation de la biomasse. Le procédé thermochimique de pyrolyse rapide suscite beaucoup d’intérêts depuis quelques années car il permet de produire majoritairement une phase liquide, appelée biohuile à partir d’une biomasse. Celle-ci possède le potentiel de devenir un biocombustible ou un biocarburant mais un certain nombre de caractéristiques physico-chimiques freine son application. Les hémicelluloses et les cendres à travers leurs produits de dégradation ou leur rôle catalytique sont à l’origine de l’acidité, de l’instabilité et du faible pouvoir calorifique de l’huile pyrolytique. Dans cette thèse, pour améliorer la qualité de la biohuile, la biomasse a été hydrotraitée avant d’être pyrolysée. Les biomasses étudiées sont des billes de faible diamètre de peuplier faux tremble (Populus tremuloides) et d’épinette blanche (Picea glauca), deux essences répandues dans la région du Bas Saint Laurent au Québec. Elles ont été mises sous forme de copeaux avant de subir l’hydrotraitement. Ce prétraitement a permis d’éliminer une partie des hémicelluloses et des cendres du peuplier et de l’épinette. Une partie des lignines du peuplier se retrouve également solubilisée par le traitement appliqué à haute sévérité. L’influence des modifications chimiques occasionnées par l’hydrotraitement sur le comportement pyrolytique des biomasses a été étudiée par pyrolyse-chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à une spectrométrie de masse menée sous des conditions simulant la pyrolyse Auger pour la production de l’huile. Les composés phénoliques, dérivés des lignines, sont les constituants majoritaires des huiles pyrolytiques. Une augmentation de la teneur en anhydrosucres, principalement du lévoglucosane, a été observée pour les huiles issues de la pyrolyse de biomasse prétraitée. Ce phénomène est accentué si la vitesse de chauffe du procédé de pyrolyse augmente. L’influence de l’hydrotraitement sur la qualité de la biohuile a été évaluée pour le peuplier faux-tremble. Le procédé de pyrolyse a été effectué au moyen d’une unité laboratoire de pyrolyse Auger. Même si l’impact sur le rendement ne semble pas évident, l’hydrotraitement a permis d’améliorer les propriétés physicochimiques de l’huile pyrolytique tels que la teneur en eau, le pouvoir calorifique, et le point d’éclair. En revanche, le pH acide de l’huile pyrolytique est maintenu. Mots clés : biomasse forestière, peuplier faux tremble, épinette blanche, pyrolyse, biohuile ou huile pyrolytique, hydrotraitement, réacteur Auger, pyrolyse GC-MS.The need to find an alternative to fossil resources as source of energy and chemicals has directed the research towards the valorization of biomass. Nowadays there is a growing interest for the thermochemical process of fast pyrolysis because of its major product, liquid bio-oil. Currently, some of its physical and chemical properties impede the direct application of bio-oil as fuel. The thermal degradation of hemicelluloses generates oxygenated compounds which cause the acidity and the instability of the bio-oil. Ash constituents catalyze secondary pyrolysis reactions which decrease the quality of bio-oil. In order to improve the bio-oil quality, the biomass is subjected in this project to a hydrothermal pretreatment before pyrolysis. Two woody biomasses, which are widespread in the forest of Bas-Saint Laurent (Quebec, Canada), are studied: trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). The whole logs are converted into wood chips before the hydrotreatment. This pretreatment was determined to remove hemicelluloses and ash from woody biomass. Moreover a partial solubilisation of lignins is observed for aspen. The impact of the pretreatment on pyrolytic behavior of woody biomasses has been studied by an analytical pyroprobe with a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer using a protocole simulating the pyrolysis process. The phenolic compounds, derived from the degradation of lignins, are the major constituents of the bio-oil. A substantial increase of anhydrosugars content is noticed in the case of the bio-oil produced from pretreated biomass. This phenomenon is enhanced if the pyrolysis is performed at a high heating rate. The influence of the pretreatment on the bio-oil quality has been evaluated only for the trembling aspen. The pyrolysis process has been performed in a mobile pyrolysis Auger reactor. Even if the hydrotreatment seemed to have no impact on the bio-oil yield, it appeared to improve bio-oil characteristics such as water content, heating value and flash point, Nevertheless, the acid pH of bio-oil remained unchanged. Key words: forest biomass, trembling aspen, white spruce, fast pyrolysis, bio-oil, Auger reactor, hydrothermal pretreatment

Bevacizumab in a treat-and-extend regimen for neovascular age related macular degeneration in a resource limited sector.

Master of Medical Science in Ophthalmology. University of KwaZulu-Natal. Durban, 2016.Abstract available in PDF file

Optical microcavity with semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes

We report studies of optical Fabry-Perot microcavities based on semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes with a quality factor of 160. We experimentally demonstrate a huge photoluminescence signal enhancement by a factor of 30 in comparison with the identical film and by a factor of 180 if compared with a thin film containing non-purified (8,7) nanotubes. Futhermore, the spectral full-width at half-maximum of the photo-induced emission is reduced down to 8 nm with very good directivity at a wavelength of about 1.3 $\mu$m. Such results prove the great potential of carbon nanotubes for photonic applications

Multimedia data mining for automatic diabetic retinopathy screening

International audience— This paper presents TeleOphta, an automatic sys-tem for screening diabetic retinopathy in teleophthalmology networks. Its goal is to reduce the burden on ophthalmologists by automatically detecting non referable examination records, i.e. examination records presenting no image quality problems and no pathological signs related to diabetic retinopathy or any other retinal pathology. TeleOphta is an attempt to put into practice years of algorithmic developments from our groups. It combines image quality metrics, specific lesion detectors and a generic pathological pattern miner to process the visual content of eye fundus photographs. This visual information is further combined with contextual data in order to compute an abnormality risk for each examination record. The TeleOphta system was trained and tested on a large dataset of 25,702 examination records from the OPHDIAT screening network in Paris. It was able to automatically detect 68% of the non referable examination records while achieving the same sensitivity as a second ophthalmologist. This suggests that it could safely reduce the burden on ophthalmologists by 56%

PECAM-1 engagement counteracts ICAM-1-induced signaling in brain vascular endothelial cells

Interactions between leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells are mediated by a complex set of membrane adhesion molecules which transduce bi-directional signals in both cell types. Endothelium of the cerebral blood vessels, which constitute the blood–brain barrier, strictly controls adhesion and trafficking of leukocytes into the brain. Investigating signaling pathways triggered by the engagement of adhesion molecules expressed on brain endothelial cells, we previously documented the role of ICAM-1 in activation of the tyrosine phosphorylation of several actin-binding proteins and subsequent rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton. In the present study, we show that, whereas PECAM-1 is known to control positively the trans-endothelial migration of leukocytes via homophilic interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells, PECAM-1 engagement on brain endothelial surface unexpectedly counteracts the ICAM-1-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin and rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton. We present evidence that the PECAM-1-associated tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 is required for ICAM-1 signaling, suggesting that its activity might crucially contribute to the regulation of ICAM-1 signaling by PECAM-1. Our findings reveal a novel activity for PECAM-1 which, by counteracting ICAM-1-induced activation, could directly contribute to limit activation and maintain integrity of brain vascular endothelium

Piégeage d'une fissure interfaciale par structuration d'un empilement multicouche magnétron

Pour renforcer l'interface faible d'un empilement multicouches, on peut utiliser un mécanisme de piégeage en modifiant localement la ténacité de cette interface. Ce renforcement est la conséquence de l'existence d'un régime de piégeage dû à un changement local de ténacité. Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié le piégeage d'une fissure lors d'un test de clivage pour des défauts macroscopiques simples. Les défauts ont été obtenus par rayage superficiel de façon à supprimer localement l'interface faible de l'empilement. Ainsi, lors de l'assemblage de l'éprouvette de clivage, on génère localement des zones de forte adhésion dans le sillon des rayures. Pour différents types de défauts, nous avons montré que la morphologie du front de fissure pouvait être décrite par une approche perturbative du premier ordre initialement développée par Gao et Rice. Cette description nous a aussi permis de déterminer les ténacités locales dans les zones de piégeage